Particle research could save wheat and other crops from deadly virus

Brome Mosaic virus

University of California, Riverside scientists have announced that they have solved a 20-year-old genetics puzzle that could result in ways to protect wheat, barley, and other crops from a devastating infection.

Ayala Rao, professor of plant pathology and microbiology, has been studying Brome Mosaic virus for decades. Unlike some viruses, the genetic material of this virus is divided into three particles that until now were reportedly impossible to tell apart.

Brome Mosaic virus primarily affects grasses such as wheat and barley, and occasionally affects soybeans as well. According to Rao, it is nearly identical to Cucumber Mosaic virus, which infects cucumbers as well as tomatoes and other crops that are important to California agriculture.

“Without a more definitive picture of the differences between these particles, we couldn’t fully understand how they work together to initiate an infection that destroys food crops,” Rao said. “Our approach to this problem has brought an important part of this picture into very clear focus.”

Inside each of the particles is a strand of RNA, the genetic material that controls the production of proteins. The proteins perform different tasks, Rao explained, some of which cause stunted growth, lesions and ultimately death of infected host plants.

Two decades ago, scientists used the average of all three particles to create a basic description of their structure. In order to differentiate them, Rao first needed to separate them, and get them into their most pure form.

Using a genetic engineering technique, Rao’s team disabled the pathogenic aspects of the virus and infused the viral genes with a host plant.

“This bacterium inserts its genome into the plant’s cells, similar to the way HIV inserts itself into human cells,” Rao said. “We were then able to isolate the viral particles in the plants and determine their structure using electron microscopes and computer-based technology.”

Now that one of the particles is fully mapped, it was said to be clear that the first two particles are more stable than the third.

“Once we alter the stability, we can manipulate how RNA gets released into the plants,” Rao said. “We can make the third particle more stable, so it doesn’t release RNA and the infection gets delayed.”

Moving forward, Rao hopes to bring the other two viral particles into sharper focus with the expertise of scientists at UCLA and UC San Diego.

Not only could this research lead to the protection of multiple kinds of crops, it could advance the understanding of any virus, Rao added.

“It is much easier to work with plant viruses because they’re easier and less expensive to grow and isolate. But what we learn about the principles of replication are applicable to human and animal viruses too.”