Slimmer GMO pigs an ‘exciting’ breakthrough – but probably won’t fly in America

SVELTE: The piglets stand to save farmers money in a country where pigs are growing commodity

We often think of fat as a band of insulation, wrapping the body in a warm coat, guarding it against chilly climates at the cost of cardiovascular health. But pigs, idiomatically notorious for their heft, prove this an oversimplification.

In most mammals, there are two types of fat: white adipose tissue (WAT), for energy storage, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) for energy expenditure. BAT is crucial in thermoregulation and combating obesity through burning fat. This process is reliant on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), found in the mitochondria of BAT, which brings about non-shivering thermoregulation – important to neonates due to their high surface area to volume ratio meaning they lose heat easily.

Pigs are, in general, lacking in functional UCP1 and brown fat, so they are susceptible to cold and prone to fat deposition. This results in high infant mortality and a lower production efficiency. 

In a paper published last week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, scientists at the Institute of Zoology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, announced they had bred a dozen low-fat, cold resistant pigs by editing their DNA to produce the lacking UCP1.

“This is a big issue for the pig industry,” says Jianguo Zhao of the Institute of Zoology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, who led the research. “It’s pretty exciting.”

The animals have less body fat because the added gene gene allows them to regulate their body temperatures better by burning fat. It could save farmers millions of dollars in heating and feeding costs, as well as prevent millions of piglets from suffering and dying in cold weather.

“They could maintain their body temperature much better, which means that they could survive better in the cold weather,” Zhao said in an interview.

Other researchers call the advance significant.

“This is a paper that is technologically quite important,” says R. Michael Roberts, a professor in the department of animal sciences at the University of Missouri, who edited the paper for the scientific journal. “It demonstrates a way that you can improve the welfare of animals at the same as also improving the product from those animals — the meat.”

But Roberts doubts the Food and Drug Administration would approve a genetically modified pig for sale in the United States. He’s also sceptical that Americans would eat GMO pig meat.

“I very much doubt that this particular pig will ever be imported into the USA — one thing — and secondly, whether it would ever be allowed to enter the food chain,” he says.

The FDA has approved a genetically modified salmon, but the approval took decades and has been met with intense opposition from environmental and food-safety groups.

Others say they hope genetically modified livestock will eventually become more acceptable to regulators and the public.

“The population of our planet is predicted to reach about 10 billion by 2050, and we need to use modern genetic approaches to help us increase the food supply to feed that growing population,” says Chris Davies, an associate professor in the school of veterinary medicine at Utah State University in Salt Lake City.

Zhao says he doubts the genetic modification would affect the taste of meat from the pigs.

“Since the pig breed we used in this study is famous for the meat quality, we assumed that the genetic modifications will not affect the taste of the meat,” he wrote in an email.

The Chinese scientists created the animals using a new gene-editing technique known as CRISPR-Cas9. It enables scientists to make changes in DNA much more easily and precisely than ever before.

Pigs lack a gene, called UPC1, which most other mammals have. The gene helps animals regulate their body temperatures in cold temperatures. The scientists edited a mouse version of the gene into pig cells. They then used those cells to create more than 2,553 cloned pig embryos.

Next, scientists implanted the genetically modified cloned pig embryos into 13 female pigs. Three of the female surrogate mother pigs became pregnant, producing 12 male piglets, the researchers report.

Tests on the piglets showed they were much better at regulating their body temperatures than normal pigs. They also had about 24 per cent less fat on their bodies, the researchers report.

“People like to eat the pork with less fat but higher lean meat,” Zhao says.

The animals were slaughtered when they were six months old so scientists could analyse their bodies. They seemed perfectly healthy and normal, Zhao says. At least one male even mated, producing healthy offspring, he says.